Actuators¶
An actuator is a component which transduces energy into motion. Our basic actuators include electric motors, hobby servos, and solenoids. The term generally implies that the motion is controlled in some way, even if just to cycle on and off. So in contrast, constantly-powered DC motor is an actuator with a constant input but it is more useful to classify it as a mechanical power source.
A speaker is technically an actuator, but since the emphasis is on producing audible vibrations we’ll consider it as a separate category. A pneumatic cylinder is an example of an actuator which transduces the energy of compressed air into movement, and they are frequently controlled by valves which use a solenoid as an actuator to control fluid valves.
Hobby Servos¶
Hobby servos are feedback-controlled motors which move an output shaft to a specified position. They are a very convenient modular way to create controlled physical motion.
Internally they use a potentiometer to measure the actual position. The internal circuit compares the actual and commanded position and generates positive and negative motor current pulses to operate a tiny gearmotor. The typical range of travel is 180 degrees, although specific servos may allow some travel beyond those bounds. Other specialized types of servos support multiple turns or continuous rotation.
Electrical and Control Considerations¶
The commanded position is specified using a specific format of pulse-width modulation (PWM) in which pulses with duration approximately 1-2 ms repeat at approximately 50 Hz. The different pulse widths correspond to different positions. Note that this a significantly different waveform than the motor PWM, since the duty cycle is always very low, i.e., the pulse on-time is always much shorter than the cycle time. The PWM in this case is used to encode the target motor angle information instead of delivering energy.
Please note that the feedback signal is internal to the servo and not easily available. For this reason, we consider hobby servos as output-only devices without axis position feedback. In practice, hobby servos are speed-limited so the actual position will lag the commands. They also typically have a small ‘deadband’ in which the small errors won’t produce motion; this is a means to reduce chatter in which the servo oscillates around the target.
The small hobby servos we use are designed for use in toys and model airplanes. As a result, they are engineered to tolerate a range of power supply voltages since they are often powered by batteries. Our typical micro-servos can tolerate from 3 to 6 VDC input and we generally operate them at 5 VDC. A single micro-servo has a low enough power consumption to safely operate off USB power, but please note that multiple micro-servos or larger servos can easily draw more than 500 mA and so use of an external power supply is required.
There are several wiring schemes found on hobby servos, but the micro-servos we use follow the following three-pin “JR” convention on a female connector with 0.1” spacing:
Brown
Ground
Red
Supply Power
Orange
PWM Control
However, there are other schemes including “Futaba” and “Hitec” in which both the colors and pin order are different, so please always research your specific part.
Mechanical Considerations¶
Hobby servos typically have a splined output shaft with grooves for strong torque transmission. For this reason, it is only practical to use them with the supplied servo horns which are molded to fit the spline shaft.
Hobby servos frequently have a rectangular case with protruding mounting tabs. It is possible to directly clamp the case, but the recommended mounting is always to use the tabs and supplied screws. This often leads to a panel mounting scheme with a rectangular clearance hole for the body and small pilot holes to accept the screws.
The output shaft is designed to transmit torque and support limited radial loads, but isn’t suitable for carrying large overhung loads. In general, it is poor practice to mount wheels or heavy masses directly to a servo horn. Rather, the bulk loads should be separately supported by bearings and the servo coupled to the load using wire links. This separates out the unactuated axes and limits the servo horn forces to pure radial loads and pure on-axis moments.