This class’s final project is to build assistive devices for older people which can be helpful to them in their lives.

The Project 2 assignment is to make an assistive device for yourself. It should actually function in its intended role and be something that makes some task, practice, or aspect of your daily life easier, simpler, more comfortable, or in some meaningful way better for you; however, it is perfectly acceptable for the device to be something that is more fanciful and less practical. While your device may have major mechanical components, you are expected to build in at least some electronic logic as well using the Arduino or another microcontroller. The final product should be reasonably polished; unlike Project 1, aesthetic care is defined as part of the criteria for success.

Jump to sections:

• Schedule
• Project narrative
• Deliverables
• Process suggestions
• Feedback allocation
• Documentation

Project schedule

date	class activity, or assignment sub-part that is due
Thursday, Sept. 19th	assignment introduction
Thursday, Sept. 26th	due: Brainstorming sketches and notes for staff discussion
Thursday, Oct. 3rd	due: Prototype for quick presentations and feedback
Tuesday, Oct. 8th	work day for final project build
Thursday, Oct. 14th	Final project critique
Thursday, Oct. 21st	due: Final documentation

The meaning of an assistive device

The traditional notion is that “assistive devices” are things that look like this:

(image from Udo Schröter via Wikimedia Commons)

People often think of assistive devices as things that are used exclusively by people with physical disabilities. In fact, the top of the Wikipedia entry for “Assistive technology” reads “Assistive technology is an umbrella term that includes assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities and also includes the process used in selecting, locating, and using them.” (Emphasis mine.)

Artist / educator / deep thinker Sara Hendren, in an essay entitled All Techology is Assistive, responds to this sort of thinking:

Instead of labeling some technologies and not others as assistive, let’s start like this: We’re all getting all kinds of help from the things we make. All kinds of help, all the time, for our many material and social and educational and political needs. Private needs and public ones. No one is exempt.

An assistive device, for our purposes, is fundamentally any piece of technology which makes any task or practice easier for any person. A cane is an assistive device: it helps somebody walk more easily. A pair of reading glasses is an assistive device: it helps someone read. A bicycle is an assistive device: it helps someone move quickly from one place to another. A pen is an assistive device: it helps someone make clear, narrow marks on a page.

There are a huge variety of creative and interesting assistive devices which look very little like the classic pink-plastic device shown above, and which serve all sorts of purposes.

Some examples

Squeeze chairs

Noted researcher Temple Grandin worked with Prof. Wendy Jacob to produce “squeeze chairs”: pieces of furniture with inflatable elements designed to provide deep pressure, a sensation which is known to significantly calm and comfort some people on the autistic spectrum:

(Squeeze Chair image from Sara Hendren’s Abler blog)

Spike Away

Industrial designer Siew Ming Cheng wanted the people near her on the subway to maintain a healthy distance, so she built “Spike Away” in a two-day workshop:

Phone notifier

Recent CMU design alum Mackenzie Cherban made a really strong project to help her grandmother, who has limited hearing, know when her cell phone is ringing from the next room over. It consists of a photosensor positioned to face into the screen of a smart device (phone, tablet, etc.). An Arduino reads the photosensor’s values, and when it detects a light level over a certain threshold, it triggers two large bright LEDs on a breadboard to blink. The idea is that these indicator lights could be the next room over from the phone/tablet, and alert the user to the fact that the phone has a notification.

Cindy

In 2009, a woman named Cindy had a major heart attack, and in the course of her hospitalization had a strong reaction to a drug she was given and nearly died. She survived, but owing to complications she had to have at least some amputation done somewhere on all four of her limbs. Waking up from the ordeal after a coma, she was living in a body that was profoundly changed.

Sara Hendren (mentioned above) and her colleague Caitryn Lynch found out about Cindy and the ingenious range of adaptations and assistive devices she uses, and they built a website that explores them in some depth called Engineering at Home. In many cases, Cindy repurposed an existing tool to suit her own needs, while in other cases, the tools were built specifically for her.

Long a fan of handwritten correspondence, Cindy had lost the ability to hold a pen in her right hand until her prosthetist built her a silicone boot to put at the end of her arm, with a hole in it for the pen to go through:

Many of the adaptations are decidedly low tech. Cindy says she has “hundreds” of cable ties, which make it easier for her to grip all sorts of things, such as zipper pulls:

Often, Cindy is able to use an existing tool for a purpose other than what is typical. For instance, she uses cooking tongs to hold a sandwich so she can easily pick it up and put it down while eating, just like everyone else at the table is:

Prior Student projects from this course

Laptop light extension

A device to help the designer remember to take a break from using her laptop after long intervals. It uses a piece of bent clear acrylic which transmits lights from an LED strip mounted on the back of the laptop. When the laptop lid is open (which the device detects with an accelerometer), the lights turn green.

After the screen has been continuously open for some specified time (say, 30 minutes), the lights will turn red instead of green—an unmissable visual signal that it’s time for the user to take a break.

Walk the Walk

A device to help the user walk with greater attention and care to the positioning of her feet.

In the designer’s words:

I am someone who has very bad walking habits. Ever since I was a kid, I knew I had wrong pressure distribution when walking, which caused my knees to grow at a wrong angle. To fix that, I need to constantly remind myself to fix the way I walk. This device is designed to help me do that. It visually displays the pressure distribution, plus tells me when I am putting the right amount of pressure.

Interactive Memory Box

A device to help the user focus on particularly meaningful memories before sleep.

From the designer:

This project is a concept work which draws upon neuroscientific findings regarding the lasting effects of memory books on progressive memory loss. It works by systematically reminding you of certain memories by physically printing them on paper right before going to sleep, which causes a strengthening of neural pathways. This is thought to improve memory and protect it from potential neural damage.

Inside the box, which the designer took great care to craft manually in a campus wood shop, is a thermal receipt printer.

A Ring for Retinal Degeneration

A piece of ring-sized electronics which is designed to work as a visual aide for the designer, whose retinal degenerative disease leaves her prone to irreversible damage if she does not have sufficient lighting for focused tasks.

From the designer:

To combat one of the most important causes (at least in my case) of retinal degeneration—eye strain due to lack of lighting—I decided to make myself an LED ring that serves as a reminder to turn on the lights when a room is too dark to work in.

All of these disparate examples are meant to show that 1) “assistive technology” is actually a very broad category, 2) low-tech answers can be very good answers, and 3) the potential range of inventive ideas to address various problems is enormous.

(One note on #2 above is that this project assignment requires that you build some electronic logic of some sort into your assistive device. But perhaps you will not need to begin with the electronics, which may, for instance, provide additional useful affordances to a device that is primarily physical.)

Deliverables and deadlines

Begin by brainstorming: written ideas/doodles/sketches and notes

due Thursday, 9/26 at the start of class; 5% of final project grade

You are expected to spend a cumulative time of several hours over the course of about a week drawing ideas and writing. At this stage, volume is more important than quality. This culminates in multiple dated pages of handwritten notes and drawings which illustrate your brainstorming about various problems you’ve observed in your own life and potentially some proposed solutions to them. If you spend twenty minutes a day every on this, you should have enough material to present at the end; if you try to do some very fast doodles in the fifteen minutes before class, you won’t be prepared. Be sure to write the date on each page of your doodles/notes.

Your level of art/drawing skill is not a factor in grading.

At the ideation stage of this project, take note of your daily life, trying to use a critical eye on yourself as much as you’re able. Are there any tasks that you regularly do (or don’t do) that are difficult or frustrating for you?

• Are there things that are difficult to reach, hold, or manipulate?
• Do you fall asleep in an uncomfortable pose, or fail to go to sleep or wake up at the right time?
• Do you have poor posture sometimes?
• Do you have discomfort in your body that some well-designed tool could help with?
• Are there important things you forget regularly?
• Do you drink enough water?
• Do you wish you would do a better job of brushing your teeth or talking with strangers on the bus or washing your hands regularly?
• Do you sit for too long at a stretch?
• Could some gentle reminder at the right moment help to keep you on track?
• Would some gadget help your hands keep busy so your mind was more free to wander?

These are just some prompts to get you thinking but not at all an exhaustive listing of the sorts of things you could consider.

Create a prototype

due Thursday 10/3 at the start of class; 15% of final project grade

You will present some sort of prototype in class. It need not be high-fidelity. There is a lot of different thinking in the design world about what “prototyping” means. Designer and academic Graham Pullin, in his excellent Design Meets Disability (2011), helpfully outlines a few different approaches:

• feels-like prototype: an ergonomic prototype for physical feeling in hands, etc.
• looks-like prototype: an appearance model for form, color, materials, etc.
• works-like prototype: an engineering prototype for electronics and electromechanical build, etc.
• behaves-like prototype: an experience prototype for interactions. It may have tethers instead of being wireless, or be built larger than the proposed final size, but the fundamental user interactions are well-modeled. (p. 138)

You do not need to explicitly state what kind of prototype you are showing—but you must have something that shows clear progress towards your final goal. It may be the same physical thing that will become your final project, or it may be a version that you’re using to test out some possibilities. It is expected that you will allocate your time on the prototype as you feel makes the most sense: if you know the electronics of your project are simple, then use this due date as an opportunity to focus on the ergonomic or appearance aspects of the project. On the contrary, if the electronics or interaction will be hard, then focus on that and put it in a cardboard box (or no box at all).

In class, we will briefly critique the prototypes. This deadline is meant to help you prepare to deliver a finished project one week later.

Suggestions for project/process flow

Building a simple physical mockup

A simple space-filling mockup can be a very helpful way of understanding what you’re building. Keep it simple; throwing something together with cardboard and hot glue is a great way to get some ideas about what your assistive device could look like. Does it fit into a pocket? Or a small pouch? Do you need an enormous cart to move it around the world? If you could idealize it into any form, what would that be? (If there’s one thing we know about electronics, it’s that there are ways to make them quite small; there may be miniaturization techniques applicable to your project.)

Building an electronic mockup

If you are at a point where you’re ready to begin to prototype electronic logic, then by all means, dust off the breadboards and whatever components you’ll need, and throw something together. We are at a point in the course where you should feel comfortable with the software and electronics you’ll need to get started, and the first step is to just jump right in.

Once you’ve begun, you may identify a particular challenge—for instance, you find some complex software timing issue you don’t know how to solve, or you will need to use an electronic component that is new to you. These are the sorts of questions that Dan and Zach are happy to help with during office hours or via email. But the only way to identify these sticking points is to get to the point that you actually encounter them, which is why building a simple electronic mockup early is a good idea.

Building the final physical embodiment of your device

Building hardware is often far more challenging than meets the eye! As soon as you want to depart at all from something as simple as a lasercut wooden box, you will find that building satisfactory forms—especially if they have any moving parts whatsoever—is often a very complex undertaking. Depending on your particulars, this may well be the most difficult part of the project to scope effectively. The best advice here is very general: start early with some sketches of what you want to make; move from sketches to some sort of fabrication; prototype early and often; and try to guard against spending too many hours quibbling over very fine details.

Feedback allocations

The demonstration for this project requires that you make something that works; demonstrating its actual functioning at the crit will be a portion of your grade. (Partial credit may be given if it is only partially working.)

Credit is allocated as follows:

• 5% ideation sketching (as presented Thursday, Sept. 26th)
• 15% prototype (as presented Thursday, Oct. 3rd)
• 30% final product (as presented Thursday, Oct. 10th)
  • 15% successful technical performance
  • 15% aesthetic and design considerations
• 50% documentation (due Thursday, Oct. 17th)
  • 15% final product images and explanation
  • 10% process images and review
  • 15% discussion
  • 5% schematic
  • 5% code

Documentation content requirements

due Thursday 10/17 at the start of class; 50% of final project grade

If you have any questions about the submissions requirements, or run into technical problems, be sure to contact the instructor or TA before the due date.

Your documentation is submitted in the form of a post on the course WordPress site. Use the label “Project 2” for the post. In order from top to bottom, the documentation should include:

Overview

(15 points total)

• A “featured image” that is a good overall view of the project. This image will show up above the title of your project in the overview page. This image should be one of the “well-shot” images described below, or a cropped subset of one of them. Select the featured image by clicking on “set featured image” in the right column of the post editing page.

• The project title. Do not include the words “Assistive Device” in the title—just use the name of your project, like “Insistent Alarm Clock” or whatever its title is.

• A one-sentence explanation of the project. This should be short and sweet.

• Carefully- and well-shot images of the final project. Take these using IDeATe’s PhotoZone backdrop and lighting for an especially easy professional look, or shoot out in the field if you prefer. The DSLR photography guide provides a lot of pointers.
  At least four images:

  1. Embed a gif or gifv or short .mov (do not merely link to an outside hosting service). A quick movie illustrating motion is worth quite a few static pictures! This can be as short as a second or two. You can film this on a camera phone, or use a DSLR for greater control of the image.
  2. Overall photo for proportion and scale
  3. Detail photo of any part that you’d like to highlight (up to 3)
  4. Images showing the use of the thing (up to 3)

Each image should be captioned. (To add captions in WordPress: click on an image, click on the pencil icon to edit it, write a caption, and click “update.”) The captions serve to explain both what the viewer is looking at, as well as elucidating some of the operating details of the object. Four captioned images as described above is the minimum; use more of them if you want to tell a deeper story about the project.

Process images and review

(10 points total)

Identify two decision points in your process, when you made a choice that significantly affected the outcome of the project. Perhaps you decided some technical goal was too difficult to achieve and instead opted for a simpler alternative. Perhaps you changed project goals and “pivoted” because of a surprise finding. This section is meant to give your readers some insight into your process.

• To the extent possible, provide captioned images illustrating these decision points. Sometimes you have a decision point that only shows up in retrospect; in this case you may not have an image available and you’ll need to rely on a verbal description of the decision.

• Include at least three images that simply illustrate any aspect of your process you’d like to highlight. For instance, if you made a sketch of a thing, and then you built that thing, include an image of the sketch as well as the thing you made (images from your initial ideation sketching are a good fit here). If you had a moment when you could not solve a software issue, include a screengrab of the offending software and explain how you resolved the problem.

Discussion

(15 points total)

Address all of the prompts below. It is best to address all of these topics in a natural piece of prose. However, if you prefer, you may write four disjoint paragraphs, each of which is addressing a prompt. (The first way is better.)

• Response to comments gathered during the in-class crit. Quote (verbatim) from at least two written critiques that you received (positive, negative, or otherwise) from the in-class crit, and respond to them. (You may agree or disagree—in either case, explain your position.)

• Self critique pertaining to the project. Are you happy with how the project came out? Did it satisfy your own goals? This should not simply be a recital of your process, but rather a meaningful reflection.

• What you learned about your own abilities and/or limitations through the process of working on this project. These could be technical in nature (i.e. “I found that coding this particular behavior was surprisingly difficult”), or not (i.e. “I enjoyed making cardboard forms very much, and I think it will be a useful prototyping medium for me in the future”). What would you do differently next time? What would your advice to your past self be? Did you get hung up at a particular point in progress, or fail to see an easy workaround to a problem? Did you find a creative spark you didn’t anticipate? Etc.?

• Next steps. Do you expect to build another iteration of this project? If so, describe what you’re planning to do. If not, describe what you would do if you were to build another iteration, based on the experience you had with this first one.

Technical information

(5 points each for schematic and code)

• Schematic, hand-drawn and scanned, or executed in software like Fritzing, EAGLE, in some flowchart application like draw.io, or any other way that produces a legible output. This should be done well enough that a competent person, reading the drawing and with the appropriate parts, could recreate the electrical system of the project. If you’re drawing on paper, use a ruler to make straight lines, and scan (instead of photographing) the page. Parts should be labeled unambiguously: an Arduino Uno R3 should have all of those words labeling it, and not just the letter ‘A’!

• Code submission, embedded into the project page, and optionally also with a Github or other version control service public-facing link. Your code should be reasonably commented throughout so that people other than you (the author) can better understand it. You don’t need to explain every single line—that would be overkill—but leave useful notes in a reasonable measure. Write a comment block at the top of the code including:

  • the project title,
  • (optionally) your name,
  • a description (short or long) of what the code does,
  • any description of pin mapping that would be useful to somebody else trying to recreate your work,
  • appropriate credit to any other person’s/project’s code that you incorporated into your project, and
  • (optionally) a license notice (i.e. copyright, CC BY-SA 4.0, the MIT License, release it to the public domain, or just follow your heart). If you have written code that you wish to keep strictly proprietary for any reason, please speak with the instructor about an exception to this documentation requirement.

Make sure that your final code as it appears on the public-facing post is correct and will compile!

To embed the code properly: on the WordPress “Edit Post” page, move your cursor to where the code should be inserted in your post. Click the “Code Insert” button in the toolbar above the post (it is marked {...}). For Language, select C. Paste the code—properly indented!!—into the window, and click OK.