AI has been slowing encroaching on every facet of modern life. It runs our phones, it navigates our vehicles, and has even begun to finish our sentences. As of now its encroachment into our everyday life has been mundane. Since AI operates most effectively behind the scenes, and is difficult to explain to the average consumer, most products that utilize it don’t necessarily draw much attention to it. Negative connotations among the public may prevent business from directly or overtly acknowledging the use of AI in their products or administration, but it certainly does not stop them from utilizing it. AI is bolstering many forms of business management technology, and the nonprofit sector is starting to reap its benefits. With so much of nonprofits reputations relying on trust and good faith connections between stakeholders, donors, and staff, what happens when AI is introduced into the dynamic?
What is AI exactly?
Let’s dig a bit into the basics of what AI is. Simply put, AI is the simulation of human thought processes by computer systems. It can be used for many things, including natural language processing, speech recognition, or expert systems (a simulation of judgement.) When computer systems utilize AI, they circumvent needing to have a rigid set of responses to specific inputs and may instead “learn” how best to process or interpret the data provided to them.
A common use for AI is to create programs that can generate original outputs that are like a group of inputs that have been provided to them. Say you wanted AI to generate a poem in the style of your favorite poet. You could do so by compiling all the works of your favorite poet, feed them to an AI, set a few parameters for the AI to adhere to, and run the program. This can also be done with videos and images as well, but text works the best because language has a great deal of rules and parameters that AI can come to understand. One example of this is when MIT-trained roboticist and artist Alex Reben fed the transcript of every available TEDx Talk into an AI to create the ultimate TED Talk…
The results are obviously meant to be humorous, but they still illustrate the impressive capabilities of AI. While the speech he gives is incoherent, it inarguably has the tone and structure of what we would consider a TED Talk to be. He has played into the limitations of his AI for the sake of humor, but it would not take much adjusting to have created a speech that makes more sense to an audience.
While there is no shortage of AI being used for novel purposes, its real value can be found in its aptitude for performing repetitive, detail-oriented tasks. Its utilization can be cost prohibitive and often requires a great deal of technical expertise to utilize, but new advances are made every day and consumers are getting access to more and more powerful programs.
What happens when we utilize AI in the nonprofit sector?
There is much to be gained from bolstering any size of workforce with this type of technology. If implemented effectively it can allow people to reallocate time, money, and resources on mission-based issues and leave rote administrative tasks to thinking machines. AI has the potential to act as a force multiplier for any number of nonprofits by enabling them to accomplish measures more than they would be able to without it. However, when we examine how AI could most effectively be used in the Nonprofit sector, we run into some morally questionable areas quickly.
Fundraising is a major part of any Nonprofits organization, and email-based solicitations made 28% of all online nonprofit revenue in 2017, earning an estimated $43 dollars per thousand emails sent. If AI was effectively utilized by a Nonprofit to quickly generate text-based solicitation material designed for hyper specific donor segments, its stands to reason there is a lot more money to be earned. An established nonprofit would have a lot of this data on hand in the form of previously implemented donor solicitations. By providing all their previously written material to an AI program and instructing it to generate new material based on set parameters, the solicitation output of a Nonprofit could increase astronomically.
Generation Text
Text generative AI is a booming industry. There is a wide array of both free and subscription-based consumer and professional grade text generating AI, available to anyone with access to a web browser. OpenAI, a leading AI research and development company, has released three versions of their publicly available text generative AIs entitled GTP. They initially refrained from making their second version publicly available as they were concerned it would be used to contribute to the fake news cycle during the 2016 presidential election. Eventually they did release the full version publicly, and the third iteration, GPT-3, was even enlisted to write a real news article for The Guardian. The article required an editor, and was generated based on 8 other similar articles, but it still demonstrates just how close we are to being able to automate this foundational segment of solicitation work.
To illustrate the relative ease in which ease in which workable donor copy could be generated from existing material, I fed some donor solicitation materials from the Mattress Factory, which was composed of 78 words, into the demo version of InferKit, a browser-based text generation tool. The results, listed below with the AI generated content in italics.
Donate today and make a difference tomorrow! When you donate to the Mattress Factory, you give artists the time, space and resources to create remarkable works of art that help us see our world in new ways. You support our education and outreach programs allowing young people and community members to imagine and explore a life of creative practice. You sustain a first-class collection of contemporary installation art and share it with nearly 100,000 museum goers every year. That’s priceless! Your gift also supports the Mattress Factory’s operating budget, our educational programming, and the creation of public events. You are helping to turn the arts and culture world on its head by creating more pathways for artists and inspiring a new generation of culture changers.
What is your contribution supporting?
The Mattress Factory provides artists with the time, space, and resources they need to produce imaginative work that encourages social change. Our public programs help connect people with the wonders of the arts and increase cultural literacy, inspire the next generation of artists, and serve as a catalyst for economic development in our region.
Your gift ensures that artists like Phoebe Apperson Hearst and Warren McCullough continue to provide opportunities for people to experience the arts for the first time, as well as introduce new audiences to the wonderful worlds of art and design that the Mattress Factory has to offer.
The results are far from perfect but revising the copy would require substantially less time and effort for a development team than creating new material whole cloth. This demonstration also shows some of the limits of utilizing this means of text generation. The content it generates is entirely based on the content it is supplied. Programs like InferKit are very good at elaborating on prompts generally, but the more content you ask it to create, the more inferences it must make. Eventually the generated material becomes very repetitive or can veer off topic or start making things up completely.
Where it gets tricky…
Using AI to generate solicitation copy may be appealing, but it gets complicated when it comes to donor relations. The donor bill of rights, an electively used set of rights developed by the Association of Fundraising Professionals, the Association for Healthcare Philanthropy, the Council for Advancement and Support of Education, and the Giving Institute illuminates these issues well. Article 8 states that a donor has “the right to be informed whether those seeking donations are volunteers, employees of the organization, or hired solicitors.” This begs the question, to what extent does an AI need to contribute to the solicitation of a donation before a donor should be informed? Since AI generated text cannot be copy written, does a Nonprofit have any obligation to acknowledge an AI for authorship? While not illegal, these practices would almost certainly create a great deal of frustration or mistrust from a donor if they found out the heartfelt plea for a donation they received was generated by an entity that has no heart.
It should be stated that it is misconception to think of AI as being alive. It is by its nature adept at impersonating human thought processes, and while some in the field claim AI may be achieving low levels of sentience, most experts would argue we are not there yet.
Salesforce, the world’s leading Customer Relationship Management platform, has made a public commitment to developing ethical AI. Part of this commitment has been the adoption of 5 principles to guide the development of their AI software.
- Being of benefit
- Human Value Alignment
- Open debate between science and policy
- Cooperation, trust, and transparency in systems and among AI community
- Safety and responsibility
While these considerations are commendable, moral use of AI will ultimately come down to how a user will engage the program.
So how can nonprofits utilize these technological advances without alienating their stakeholders? For starters, it would be best to avoid its use for individual solicitations. No matter how well intentioned your organization may be, you will never be able to undo the betrayal felt by any individual donor if their integrity of tier cultivation was compromised by them finding out they have been corresponding with a robot. Additionally, ensuring that AI is utilized to implement mission based goals in demonstrable ways may alleviate some skepticism from worried stakeholders.
Ultimately AI is like any other tool. While it may simulate human thought process, it is ultimately up to the operator to use it morally. Perhaps it is time to update the donors bill of rights to reflect the new AI bolstered workplace. Let’s see if InferKit can come up with something…
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